The patient reached a critical period in her life. Without any occupation, without the development of the maternal instinct and all the intensity of affection and activities that go along with it, without any specially formed interests the patient fell back on herself. The instinct of self-preservation, the most fundamental of all animal instincts, became predominant. Along with it became awakened that terrible monster, the instinct which forms the basis of all psychopathic maladies,—the fear instinct. The patient was obsessed with the fear of becoming old, ungainly, stout, and ugly. She suffered from apprehensiveness as to her age, looks, and appearance. As a matter of fact she did not look well, her features were rather large and homely. She was divorced from her first husband, and was afraid of losing her second husband. This weighed on her mind since her girlhood. She met with many rebuffs in society, and was very sensitive about her homeliness. She always suspected and feared that people disregarded her on account of her looks. She had fears about her health, she looked sickly, cachectic, and ugly. She had fears that she had lost all her abilities, was worthless. Her apprehensive moods colored her all being, became subconscious and was diffused throughout her dream activities.

        In my work "The Causation" I have pointed out the Principle of Diffusion by which the fear instinct spreads throughout the organization of mental systems. This is what has taken place in the patient. Along with it the patient's experiences have become of an apprehensive mood. The affective tone of mental life has become one of fear, distrust, and suspicion. The ideas, images, representations, and dreams were of a gloomy, scaring, and apprehensive character, such as of evil agencies, snakes, tigers, and monsters of which, she had read or had seen in pictures. She formed the fear that her friends did not care for her, that she was going to lose her. friends and relatives, that she was going to lose her husband, who, she thought, did not care for her on account of her defects and her stupidity, lack of abilities, and especially on account of her ugliness. Life became a burden to her. She began to brood about her troubles, her deficiencies, her fears. She became extremely self-centred, did not care for anyone but self, talked only of herself, of her anxiety, of fear and self. The fear became often so intense that she felt like committing suicide, and then she was afraid of any sharp objects such as axes and knives; she was afraid of committing some crime.

        After long questioning I could not obtain more than the bare account of dreams dating from her early childhood,—she dreams of endless walking and of great fatigue. She also dreams of being in a rowboat which turns round and round. Then she dreams of being in a cave the overhanging ceiling of which crushes her. This is all she could remember. When she wakes up she often does not know where she is. Sometimes on such occasion she has visual hallucinations, she feels and sees someone bending over her. Her life is like a maze, like a labyrinth. She realizes those impassable, thorny and stony life roads, full of danger and suffering, in her day experiences, recurring with great intensity, complexity of detail, and addition of local and emotional coloring in the subconscious activities of her dream-consciousness.

        In "The Causation and Treatment of Psychopathic Diseases" I lay stress, as in my previous works, on the recurrence of the psychophysiological functioning of mental systems, or of the total moment of consciousness, described as the recurrent moment-consciousness, based on recurrence of psychophysiological reflexes, present in animals and man. I think it best to quote from my last works on the subject:

        "In psychopathic affections the disturbance consists in the formation of non-adaptive associations of central neuron-systems with receptors which normally do not have as their terminal response the particular (appropriate) motor and glandular reactions.

        "In Pavlov's experiments the flow of saliva or of gastric juice in the dog with the fistula could be brought about associations with blue light, with the sound of a whistle, by a tickle, or scratch, or by various diagrams, squares, circles, as in the experiments of Dr. Orbeli. What holds true in the case of conditional reflexes in regard to saliva and gastric juice all holds true of other conditional reflexes formed by psychopathies. The mechanism in psychopathies is the same which Pavlov and his disciples employ in the formation of various conditional reflexes in the case of dogs. All kinds of abnormal reactions of a morbid character may thus be formed in response to ordinary stimuli of life.

        "Emotions are specially subject to associations of a morbid or psychopathological character. The physiological effects of emotions may be linked by associative processes with ideas, percepts, and sensations which are ordinarily either indifferent, or give rise to reactions and physiological effects of a type opposite to that of the normal.

        "The reactions of muscle and gland are like so many electric bells which by various connections and combinations may be made to ring from any sensory button or receptor, as Sherrington would put it. An object, however harmless, may become associated with reactions of fear, anguish, and distress, This holds true not only of man, but also of the life of all lower animals.

        "Associations and reactions, motor, circulatory, glandular, however abnormal, formed by young animals, persist through life. This holds specially. true of the higher and more sensitive animal organisms, such as the mammals. All training and formation of peculiar reactions, such as various tricks, habits, scare-habits (fear-psychoses), scare-pain reflexes depend entirely on this plasticity of the nervous system to form new associations, or as Pavlov and his school put it, to form conditional reflexes and inhibitions in regard to glandular secretions; and in fact to all other psychophysiological reactions.

        "Psychopathies are essentially pathological affections of associative life. Psychopathic maladies are the formation of abnormal, morbid, 'conditional reflexes' and of 'inhibitions' of actions of associative normal life activity.

        "What we find on examination of the psychogenesis of psychopathic cases is the presence of the fear instinct based on self-preservation, which becomes associated with some fundamental interest of life. The interest may be physical in regard to bodily functions, sexual, social; it may be one of life ambitions: or it may be of a general character, referring to the loss of personality, or even to the loss of mind. The fear instinct, based on self-preservation, may become by cultivation highly specialized, and associated with normally indifferent objects, giving rise to various phobias, such as astrophobla, agoraphobia, claustrophobia, erythrophobia, aicmophobia, and other phobias, according to the objects with which the fear instinct becomes associated. Objects, however indifferent and even pleasant, may by association arouse the fear instinct, and give rise to morbid states, like the "conditional reflexes" in Pavlov's animals.

        "Events and situations with fixed sensory stimuli, when repeated, fix the neurosis, very much in the same way as are 'the conditional reflexes' in Pavlov's experiments. Other sets of stimuli of an ideational character are transient in duration, while the general apprehensive, subconscious condition persists unchanged, seizing again and again on ever new objects and thoughts, forming psychic compounds of various degrees of stability."

        Such was the condition found in the patient. Well organized, stable mental systems were formed, and kept on recurring and reacting in a reflex character in response to external and internal stimulations. Mental systems became organized as highly complicated "conditional reflexes."

        Perhaps a word may be here appropriate as to dream-symbolization, so much enlarged upon by writers on the subject of dream consciousness. Nothing of dream symbolism was observed by me in this case as well as in other cases in which dream activities were prominent. Dreams are found by me to be automatic, non-adaptive, mental systems, recurring under various forms as highly complex conditional reflexes, lacking adjustment to the present world of external and internal reality. In all the experiments and cases investigated by me, the nucleus of the dream content is some recurring experience of actual life which, on account of its emotional intensity, has become well established fixed system. The symbolization is uniformly supplied to the patient by the physician himself. Dream-symbolism is a psychopathological artefact. No less of an artefact is the searching and finding some hidden meaning and wish in dreams which, by their nature, belong essentially to non-adaptive reactions referring toa past, now dead and gone.¹

        On [Sat.], May 21, 1910, the patient was put into hypnoidal state. In this state she was asked to give an account of her dreams. "I know I dream something, but I cannot remember what it is. I sometimes wake up in a fright, but I cannot remember." Patient was then put into hypnosis. She went into a deep state verging on somnambulism. When asked again as to her dreams "Ugly faces are coming up." Patient could not see anything else, the ugly faces rising from the obscure subconscious regions seemed to have inhibited all other content from rising into the periphery of consciousness. The Patient was then awakened.

        On [Mon.], May 23, patient was again put into a hypnotic state. The ugly faces did not seem to trouble her, she was freer in her account of the dreams. "As soon as it is dark I fear that someone wants to kill me. And when I wake up I feel great strain [patient shudders and complains of pains in the back ]. The dreams come up in spurts, so to say, at irregular intervals." "Those ugly faces, those evil eyes come to me. I see them now. I see them in my sleep. I am afraid to go to sleep. I have a feeling that something evil will happen."

        The patient became restless, she was quieted, and she was asked to tell the dream she had last night. While trying to remember the patient has motor disturbances, she shudders suddenly and starts almost jumping at the least noise, and often seemingly without any occasion. There are marked disturbances in her respiration. She seems to live the dreams over again.

        "Long ago I dreamt that I had a fall in an elevator—run by a woman—I was killed—I am afraid of elevators since then—It just came to me—never remembered it before." Patient became restless, she was quieted.

        An attempt was made to get some more dreams out of the dreamy regions of her subconsciousness. Patient became very restless. "very nervous" as she put it. Her face was flushed, her features were drawn, and the corners of the mouth began to twitch. When I asked what the trouble was with her, she said: "Nothing, it is nothing—I am nervous—I am scared, afraid"—she was again quieted, and was put into a deeper state of hypnosis. "I am afraid to go to bed. I do not like the coming of night—I see darkness—I see lots of people—They are around me—very close—they want to kill me—they are groping in the dark for me—I feel them watch me—I have dreamt it many times—I think I have had this dream during the last six years—I see their eyes shining in the dark—I am in a dark cave, the place is low and overhanging, presses me, crushes me.—Some one wants to hurt me—My sister is with me—My sister is not in danger—she is not afraid—I told her to come and help me at a signal, but she did not give the signal and the fear woke me up."

        Patient is afraid of lightning. She was struck by lightning a few years ago. Since then patient is very much afraid when a storm is approaching.

        [Thu.], May 26, patient came to the laboratory and said, she felt well and was not in the least afraid when a storm came. Oil the whole she feels well, feels young again. The night of [Tue.], May 24 the day she was here, she felt well and slept well for the first time. The next night she slept well, but there was active dreaming. The day before there were two electric storms, but she had no fear whatever. Mr. B., the patient's husband, confirms Mrs. B's account.

        Patient dreamt, but did not remember anything. Patient was then put by me in a hypnotic state. In hypnosis she dreamt that Mr. B. hurt her in one spot on her spine. The pain was very intense. On awakening patient still had a sensitive spot. It was insisted that patient will feel well and feel stronger, more energetic than before, and that the feeling of illness would disappear.

        Patient also dreams that she is in a boat which is going round and round, a dream which she often has, and which distresses her much, she is dizzied on awakening. The day before patient also had hallucination of a figure. She could not see through the figure. It gave her a shock. The vision lasted hut a few seconds. She felt its presence first, then she turned round and saw it. It was a human figure, but she did not know whether it was man or woman. The figure was dark arid surrounded by darkness so that she could not notice details. She always sees the vision in the same way. Patient also had an auditory hallucination the day before. She heard a voice calling her by name. She saw no figure then. The figure she sees is like the veiled figures she sees in her dreams. The visual hallucination dates some eight years back. The hallucination began with visions of figures of animals crowding round her, then instead of the animals the human figure began to appear. The figure does not come up to her, makes no attempt to talk lo her, and patient is not afraid, because the figure appears in broad daylight. The appearance of the vision has no relation to her states of depression or to the attacks of headaches, it appears even when she feels well and happy.

        After some time other dreams began to appear. Patient dreamt of seeing a multitude of snakes²—Was greatly frightened—Saw them killing a man.—Tried to get him away but did not succeed. Was horrified. Patient was given suggestions of euphoria and then awakened. Patient says she feels much better after she leaves this place. She is quiet and feels very happy. Before she used to avoid company, but now she even ventures to visit people.

        On [Sat.], May 28, she came complaining that she slept very badly the two nights and dreamt a great deal but did not remember what it was. "My head felt as if pressed together, woke up with severe pain in the head. The headache still persisted." 

        Patient was put into hypnotic state. The headache was gone. "I feel very happy, sometimes like when I was 18—Early this morning I saw the figure—just after the dream." Patient could not recollect the dream. She complams of sensation of emptiness in the head, must make some efforts to recollect the dreams. Patient's mood changes, she is not discouraged; does not answer questions. Keeps putting hands lip to the face, rubbing her eyes, attempting to open them. After a long pause patient exclaims: "I don't like myself, don't like anything about myself." When asked the reason she answered: "I don't know." Patient cries, is very restless, rubs her eyes ceaselessly, and is greatly disturbed; appears to be deeply depressed. After a few minutes patient said: "I could never be what I was meant to be. I meant to be a musician, and I had to give it up. I had to, on account of my first husband. It is impossible for me to play now. I have not played for 14 years." There is little doubt that the unfortunate marriage with her first husband so deeply affected the patient's life that her present condition is largely due to that source. While in the hypnotic state I insisted that the patient should get a piano and begin to practice so as to overcome her long standing repugnance to, music. The principal thing being that she has lack of confidence in herself, and fears she has lost all her abilities, and energy, and is fit for nothing. Along with it is associated the fear that her troubles caused her to lose so much time that now she is getting old, her face ugly and roughened. She has no confidence, obsessed by fear, and when she does play she is afraid someone may hear her. The piano playing and its practice was thus insisted on, and with a suggestion of well-being the patient was awakened from the hypnotic state. There was complete amnesia of what had taken place in hypnosis. Patient complained of headache.

        Patient came [Mon.], June 6. She was greatly depressed, had many attacks of bad dreams, but had no recollection of them. She could not bring herself to play the piano. She feels as if there is another self in her as "if two selves are struggling in her. She thinks that her old self is dead; this distresses her very much. In the hypnotic state she is upset and cries much. I made her promise that she would get, a piano and begin to practice. On awakening she felt much better.

        On [Sun.], June 12, patient came again in a depressed state. She did get a piano and attempted to practice. She dreamed much and as usual did not remember the content of the dream. On the whole, she claimed she felt worse than she had ever before. Her life, her former self which she regarded as dead began to move in her, she felt distressed.

        Patient was put into hypnosis. She was then asked to tell the dreams she had. "I was running away from something—I know there were people—saw ugly faces—same that I see here.—I always see these faces in my dreams and I am afraid of them.—It is 24 years since I have begun to see these faces. It is since the time I have begun to be unhappy.—The faces are like those of my first husband. I see the faces asleep and awake. I do not see them when I start to play." "I am afraid of people because I have no confidence in myself." It was then suggested that she should play, that it would do her good and that the faces will become pleasant.

        Next day [Mon.] when patient came the faces still persisted in coming to her. In the course of the questions while patient a in hypnotic state, she told me that when young she had a very ugly teacher, the faces look like him and also like that of the former husband,—the faces seem to have blended. She kept on practicing on the piano and was getting on well. It seemed as if the old life was returning to her. She still saw the veiled figure coming to her, though she was not afraid of it. She sees the figure and sometimes feels its presence, but when she turns round the figure disappears. It was then suggested to her that she would sleep well and have no dreams whatever.

        There is one thing that is now gradually developing and that is the influence of S.'s personality. She needs his support and influence, and is afraid that she might lose it, that she would not he of any interest after the study of her case. She seems to need a director, she lost her former personality, and lost along with it all will power to direct and control her life. S. had to promise her that he will put her in a condition in which she will be able to control her own fate. Last night she had a headache, slept badly and felt depressed when she woke lip. She feels better now in the hypnotic state. Patient says that she begins to get some comfort from her practice and play on the piano. It was then again suggested to her that she should keep up her play, and was then awakened.

        When patient came next day [Tue.] she told me that she felt sleepy and heavy on going home. She had no memory as to what had taken place in hypnosis. In fact she could not even how she got home. It seemed that the hypnotic state persisted after the apparent awakening. Nothing more could obtained of her when put into hypnoidal state. After few minutes she said "I feel now sleepy and tired." When put into hypnotic state and asked about the dreams she had the night before, patient at first said she could not remember, but after a few moments the dream came back in a rather vague form. "It was dark." The hypnotic state was then deepened. The dream came back in a clear form. "I was on a boat going around. " She then became greatly excited. The memory became very vivid. The experience ceased in fact to be a memory and became semi-hallucinatory. She began to live over the dream experience in her hypnotic state. She was like one frightened and cried "There were many people—I was afraid—there was a big wheel—I was on that wheel—I was very much afraid—I was shipwrecked once. It was on the middle of the ocean—13 years ago—Since then I dream of boats." Patient's husband confirmed this fact of shipwreck which left a deep after-effect on the patient's life and dream activities.

        In the next hypnosis on the [Fri.]17th, patient was in far better spirits. The subconsciously organized systems troubling the patient in the form of dreams and hallucinations, causing her dullness, headache, and making her unfit to fix the attention on anything, as well as depriving her of her memory; all these parasitic systems were gradually giving way. Patient told me when in hypnosis that she dreamt she saw me, and that I was going to clear her brain. She felt well during the day and played piano for two hours which was not usual with her. On the whole she feels much better in her mind, "is able to read, understands what she reads, and is even able to remember what she had read." Suggestion of euphoria was given to her, and then she was awakened. "There is difficulty in arousing her from the trance state, she passes gradually from the trance state into the waking state, and sometimes the tendency is to persist in it, special insistence is requisite to keep her awake.

        The day after [Sat.] patient came in a state of great mental depression. She had some dreams about carriages, boats, hills, and accidents. Could not remember any details.

        Patient was then put into hypnosis, and was asked to describe the dreams in detail: "Yesterday I felt better up to 8 o'clock in the evening; then I felt restless and depressed—did not know why." The hypnotic state was then intensified and deepened. Patient sighs and is getting more and more restless. She was asked the cause of the depression and she again answered she did not know. "Melancholy came over me." Soon she became very restless giving rise to starts and jumps in her hypnotic state. When asked why she started so violently, patient said: "Something entered my mind, it comes of itself." Insistence upon deeper sleep and also on her telling the cause of the excitement and why the unaccountable onset of depression. Patient refuses to tell, says it comes from her nature. "Feeling by itself," thinks she has been born with it. Even in the happy day of her "young life" she had these onsets of sadness and depression. Further insistence makes patient irritable and restless. She repeats the same thing that the depression sets on suddenly. Patient was awakened with suggestion of euphoria.

        Next day [Sun.] patient came, complaining of having passed a bad night, had a bad headache and felt great depression. Patient was put into the state of hypnosis and asked the cause of the headache. The depression, a feeling of heaviness came in the evening about 8 o'clock. "What were the ideas that entered your mind at that time?" "I felt like injuring myself." While remaining quiet in the hypnotic state for several moments patient suddenly exclaimed "Strange, horrible eyes—I see them again." Patient became excited, tossed about and moaned. I insisted that the faces were only pictures but no realities, and that she should not be afraid. After a few minutes patient became quiet. I suggested to her that she could see the faces clear and distinct, that they were images, that they would cease to trouble her. Nothing further could be obtained of the patient, she was brought out of hypnosis as usual with a suggestion of euphoria.

        When the patient came next day [Mon., June 20th] she told me that she slept better, and that she had no dreams, that she played on the piano, but in a listless way.

        Patient was put into hypnosis. Asked whether she dreamt, she replied without hesitation that she dreamt, but that she could not remember what it was about. I insisted she should tell me the content, but nothing could be obtained. After much insistence patient suddenly said that it was not a dream. "It is something that comes over me—since childhood—something big, colossal frightens me. I cannot recall how it came the first time. It is not at all like a dream. It appears so real—I see it and feel it.—It comes when I am nervous—I am greatly frightened when it comes." At the end of the hypnotic state patient suddenly said in that dreamy distracted way characteristic of hypnosis I am going to he happier. Awakened with suggestion of euphoria, and also with the suggestion that she would have no distressing dreams.

        On [Tue.] June 21, patient told of the content of a dream about boats, of being on the point of drowning, and then rescued. This was the same dream which recurred so often in the patient's dream consciousness, and which was traced to the actual experience and shock of the shipwreck in the middle of the ocean.

        For the first time patient confessed frankly of the insistent ideas of suicide and homicide. These insistent ideas torment her. Patient is possessed by the idea of killing her husband, and of attempting suicide by jumping out of the window. Sometimes she has an irresistible impulse of assailing people, especially such that are near to her. Patient suffers greatly from these almost irresistible ideas which are so insistent occasionally that she seems almost to lose control over herself. She is sure she will not follow the impulse. The very idea of it is repugnant to her, but she cannot rid herself of the idea.

        For a couple of days the suggestion of euphoria seemed to have taken some effect, but afterwards the dreams of darkness, of the ugly faces, of the climbing and clambering all kinds of impassable roads recurred. Once the dream was so terrifying that she awoke with a scream and implored her husband to stay near her. She did not remember the content of the dream. When put into hypnosis, she began to sigh, to shudder, finally said she felt as if she fell out through the window. Dreamt she was near the window and fell out. She does not remember to have cried out, but on awakening she remembered she asked her husband not to leave her. Suddenly patient sat up and exclaimed "I feel a choking as I. felt last night." Patient was living over the experiences of the night before. "It was dark, I did not know where I was—and I fell out of the window." It is quite probable that the suicidal ideas have strengthened the dream consciousness. The psychognosis was given to the patient while she was in the hypnotic state. Moral fortitude was insisted upon. The patient was then awakened and felt well. There was partial memory of the hypnotic state.

        The day after [Fri.] she complained of depression. In hypnosis she described a dream of the shipwreck which she experienced again in her dream state. It was this that upset her. 

        For a few days the patient felt somewhat better, though the dreams did not stop, but they were of a rather trivial character, and did not trouble her much. The dream-consciousness was so highly developed in the patient that its activity could not be suppressed. This highly developed dream-consciousness formed a parasitic secondary personality.

        For a couple of days patient was comparatively quiet; her dreams were not distressing, but the incessant activity went on as before,—it could not be suppressed. The dreams were of the ordinary type of current life, but they were now and then tinged by an unpleasant affective mood, characteristic of the subconscious parasitic systems.

        On July 3, patient was put into hypnosis, and again a dream came up. She dreamt that she slept in a very high building. The bed was near the window, and she was afraid that she might fall out of the window. This is a dream which comes to the patient in different forms. It seems also to form the basis of her suicidal insistent ideas. "I saw a man—an old man—I can see him now very clearly.—His eyes follow me—has grey beard—very dirty." When asked whether she knew him, whether she ever met him before, she at first answered in the negative, but soon after said: "Yes—some years ago a man like him followed me—early evening—I did not like it—he was looking at me—I ran into the neighbouring store—then he was gone.

        "It seemed to me I was in a cave—there were many women dressed alike and I was dressed the same—I thought we were all lunatics". She is afraid to stay in rooms with low ceilings, a sort of clausterphobia. The patient continued: "It is all dark—I see some rocks—trees and some shrubs—it is a small cave—I cannot stand up in it—The ceiling is too low. I have the feeling as if some things come down on the head. I have been in such caves near Niagara Falls." The patient then—stopped for a few moments. Suddenly she gave a start, and jumped as if in great fright. When asked what she saw, she replied in some excitement: "Felt just like waves going over my head—in the ship—we are going to get drowned in a storm—" This trance hallucination disappeared. Patient returned again to the dreams of the cave. "It was about eight years that I first began to dream about caves. I was very ill at that time—suffered from malaria. I dreamt, it seemed to me in my imagination (possibly in delirium) that the ceiling came down over my head. I was so frightened." After this the patient was awakened, it was insisted she should have pleasant dreams. On coming out of hypnosis she felt well and cheerful.

        I tried my best to insist that she should remember the dreams in her waking state, and at the same time attempted by conversations to strengthen her both in the hypnotic and waking conditions. The patient was awakened and felt much better. The depression disappeared.

        A few days later patient told me in hypnotic state that she thought she was dead, that her real self, what she was and what she was to be, was dead, that she felt sometimes like making away with herself,—life was not worth while living. Now and then the idea gets possession of her to jump out of the window, she thought many times of it, but she really would not carry it out. The suggestion given to her was to the effect of revival of her former ambition and of her former self, that not all was dead, that her good old self, apparently dead, will come to life again, that she must not despair and give up things without any hope.

        Patient also told me that she was afraid to come to the laboratory, that she could not account for the fear, but that something seems to compel her to go against her will. She is sometimes frightened at the changes that suddenly come over her, appear to sweep over her. She sometimes feels suddenly that she is a new person, that others notice it.

        On [Sat.,] the 9th, patient came again, and again the dream consciousness was at work, developing its fantastic combinations.

        In hypnosis patient said: "I see the figures—they are just moving around me—I want to see their faces—cannot—, (respiration rapid)—they are very tall; it is evening—two figures—they are crowding on me—skeletons!—in a church yard—white faces—like the faces I saw before—I can't run away—everything goes round—(Patient, as if dizzy and frightened). I am still in the church—red brick—tower—I can see the bell—several side buildings—high hedges." "Have you been there before?" "Yes, not long ago, last year in the village W., I remember walking there with Miss F." Patient then became quiet; no further dreams could be obtained. Patient complained of fatigue. She felt in company that she could not well attend conversations, that she could not hear well what was spoken to her. Suggestion feeling well, no dreams, no fatigue. Awakened, patient feeling well.

        The patient came two days later, and as usual the suggestion had no effect; the dream activity went on as before. The patient was nervous and upset in consequence. When put into hypnosis patient is restless, jerks her arms, shivers, and at times jump violently. Patient holds hand up expectantly, as if something is coming. "Big flat country—no trees—(sighs)—it hurts my headstones, fields—I have to walk along—it hurts my feet—I fall—(sighs, moans)—flies all over me—(keeps on brushing her face)—they are ugly—Some one calls me to go on—but I can't go—the stones are so hard and sharp—(keeps on brushing flies from her face)—it is my sister—I can see her a long way off—I can hear her—flies—(brushes her face)—yes, twilight.—Sister does not want to come to me. I walk straight ahead. Nothing but stones and water—fields, ditches between the fields—." Here patient relapsed into silence. She does not brush her face with her hand, as if to drive away flies. Starts violently, jumps, throws up hands: "It is some dark place (respiration very rapid) I think I am dead—I can see myself though I am on the ground—arm, leg drawn up—head hurts—(breathes hard)—." Nothing more could be obtained, patient was awakened. Patient was then put again into hypnosis. She is quiet. "I feel something in my head."—"What do you see now?—"Darkness—all dark—(starts)—I feel myself way down—I hear people—all about me—(Jumps up from couch in great terror). A snake! (face flushed, respiration rapid)—I just saw its head." Patient was quietened, and brought out of hypnosis. Suggestions of euphoria.

        Two days later, [Thu.] July 14, patient came saying she kept on dreaming, could not recollect the content. In hypnosis she told me that she dreamt of the cat jumping at her. She also had another dream which seemed to have affected her more. She dreamt she saw her mother who was trying to cheer her up. She was somewhat depressed the day after, but felt better in the afternoon.

        When patient came next she referred again to her hallucinatory experiences, and I found out that she had at different. times a number of them of similar character. In hypnosis patient told me she had dreams. From the hypnotic state she gradually passed into the hallucinatory, hypnoidic state in which she lived the dream experience over again. Patient becomes restless, respiration rapid. "A cat, a nasty cat—brown back—it has an ugly face—but it looks more like a human face—I see a big square house-lights in the garden-I stay outside in the garden-near the water-somebody pulling me—got, away (frightened)—I am down on the ground and rolling away." Gradually another dream came to the surface. A dream referring to the day before.

        "Mother sitting near a table, her head bent down on her arms. I am kneeling down trying to cheer her—my dead, sister sitting behind me. When suddenly I see myself in her." Patient was then awakened.

        The day after she told in hypnosis about dreams, of boats, of people and of shadows following her. This last feature of dreams could be traced back to her first husband who tracked her in her coming and going. She had great difficulty in ridding herself of him. When patient came out of her hypnotic state, she could not remember the experiences she had gone through. Gradually, by effort, and by insistence did the experiences emerge in fragments from the depths of the subconscious in which they were seemingly buried. It was easier for her to have the subconscious experiences recovered with her eyes shut than with her eyes open.

        On [Fri.] July 1 patient was put into hypnosis and while passing through the dream experiences pneumographic tracings were taken of her. Patient dreamt of something shapeless following her, then taking the shape of a human face, and then of some animal, attempting to attack her. She was terrified. "Something choked me, and I then woke up." The night before she dreamt she was travelling, "I am always travelling in my dreams." The day before she felt depressed, put out by some trifles.

        On [Sun.] July 24 there were dreams as usual, dreams which the patient could not recall. In hypnosis she told me that my assistant appeared to her in the dream, and insisted that she should write a letter in which she should state that she was very sick. She refused to comply, but finally she was forced to do it. She also saw me in her dream and I charged her with frivolity and that I did not want to have any thing to do with her. At the same time the dreams began to take a somewhat different character, they were not so unpleasant and they were more of a commonplace character, referring to her everyday experience. She complained that occasionally a feeling, came over her, as if she had done something evil, and she felt depressed, but this feeling soon passed off.

        On 25th of July patient came to the laboratory. She felt well, played on the piano and enjoyed it, she could read, could remember the reading, and took an interest in it. The dream life was still active, but it was not unpleasant. She told me she felt better than she had ever felt before. I then tested her visual hallucinations by making her gaze into an illuminated surface. A glass of water was put on a white surface, and a light was made to shine through the water. The patient fixed her attention on the water. Gradually objects and even whole scenes began to develop, and she began to describe them as they emerged one after another: "I see the door step—it is gone now—I was sitting on last night—see two women in light dresses—it is gone-see the corner of the street—(rubs her eyes)—I see a bed—it is gone—it makes me sleepy—(shades eyes from light). I see some shadow of a man walking over a field—there is a lake—it is very pretty though—I see myself sitting—high above the water—on the other side then is a big house. In front there is a fountain and bush (stops looking) I cannot see any more, my eyes ache; the lake is so shiny." After a few minutes she was asked to look again. In a few moments the following vision developed which was described by the patient. "I see a funny looking wagon coming nearer—can look into it from the front—." Here the experiment had to be interrupted, because the patient's eyes began to hurt. She was put into hypnosis, and asked whether the visions were familiar to her. She could not identify them. The visions were reproduced in this state, but no recognition followed. The house was the only object that was identified.

        Next day patient objected to look into the water, because she was in a peculiar state she did not like. After some persuasion she consented. "Is the water becoming turbid?" "No, I do not see the water; I do not know what it is. It looks like sand—it seems to be near the sea—brown grass—somebody walking—two—small figures (laughs)—it is myself." Here patient began to complain of fatigue and specks before the eyes.

        For a few days the dreams were of a disconnected character, and were recollected with some difficulty, but they were either trivial experiences of her everyday life which did not in the least upset her, or they were fragmentary experiences of her earlier dreams, but in such a confused state that they could hardy be recognized. The persistent dreams, were rapidly disintegrating.

        The only dream that disconcerted her was a dream of her mother. She thought she saw her mother and was glad to see her alive, but was greatly disappointed on waking. Patient felt well.

        She came the next day. When put into hypnosis she told me that she dreamt that in her head was something which exploded. She woke up. I told her that she will see her mother in sleep and that the old habit of dreaming will be gone. The mother will tell her that she will dream no more. The patient remarked: "If you stop my dreams, I should still dream about my mother." Patient awakened in good condition.

        Patient came [Fri.] August 5. In hypnotic state she told me that she had seen her mother, but that the mother did not speak to her. She was greatly concerned about her mother as when alive.

        The subconscious and dissociated memories brought out in hypnosis seemed to have gradually become organized and formed a personality of a secondary character which the patient felt all the while and which criticized her and found fault with the patient. The patient called her "she." "I see her, I feel her more than I see her." It was herself which she regarded as dead now come to life again. The patient did not like "her." "She is with me all the time. She looks like me when I was 18. She is becoming stronger. She talks to me and tells me of the bad things I do. She is my monitor."

        The dreams she has now are of a different nature and do not, refer to her previous frightful dreams. Occasionally when she goes to sleep her life stands revealed before her. She feels she should be as she had been before. Now and then Dr. S. is brought into the dream life, and the old distressing dreams are inhibited. The dreams, unlike the previous state, are now fully remembered on awakening from the sleep. Patient improved considerably by December 27, when she ceased coming.

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1. I shall devote a special study to the psychology of dreams in a separate monograph.